I-shaped phase change memory cell

ABSTRACT

A memory device includes two electrodes, vertically separated and having mutually opposed contact surfaces, between which lies a phase change cell. The phase change cell includes an upper phase change member, having a contact surface in electrical contact with the first electrode; a lower phase change member, having a contact surface in electrical contact with the second electrode; and a kernel member disposed between and in electrical contact with the upper and lower phase change members. The phase change cell is formed of material having at least two solid phases, and the lateral extent of the upper and lower phase change members is substantially greater than that of the kernel member. An intermediate insulating layer is disposed between the upper and lower phase change members adjacent to the kernel member.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Divisional of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/348,848, by Shih Hung Chen and Hsiang-Lan Lung, titled “I-shaped phase change memory cell”, filed Feb. 7, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/736,720, by Shih Hung Chen and Hsiang-Lan Lung, titled “I-shaped phase change memory cell”, which was filed on Nov. 15, 2005. The foregoing applications are is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

International Business Machines Corporation, a New York corporation; Macronix International Corporation, Ltd., a Taiwan corporation; and Infineon Technologies AG, a German corporation, are parties to a Joint Research Agreement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to high density memory devices based on phase change based memory materials, including chalcogenide based materials and other materials, and to methods for manufacturing such devices.

2. Description of Related Art

Phase change based memory materials are widely used in read-write optical disks. These materials have at least two solid phases, including for example a generally amorphous solid phase and a generally crystalline solid phase. Laser pulses are used in read-write optical disks to switch between phases and to read the optical properties of the material after the phase change.

Phase change based memory materials, like chalcogenide based materials and similar materials, also can be caused to change phase by application of electrical current at levels suitable for implementation in integrated circuits. The generally amorphous state is characterized by higher resistivity than the generally crystalline state, which can be readily sensed to indicate data. These properties have generated interest in using programmable resistive material to form nonvolatile memory circuits, which can be read and written with random access.

The change from the amorphous to the crystalline state is generally a lower current operation. The change from crystalline to amorphous, referred to as reset herein, is generally a higher current operation, which includes a short high current density pulse to melt or breakdown the crystalline structure, after which the phase change material cools quickly, quenching the phase change process, allowing at least a portion of the phase change structure to stabilize in the amorphous state. It is desirable to minimize the magnitude of the reset current used to cause transition of phase change material from crystalline state to amorphous state. The magnitude of the reset current needed for reset can be reduced by reducing the size of the phase change material element in the cell and of the contact area between electrodes and the phase change material, so that higher current densities are achieved with small absolute current values through the phase change material element.

One direction of development has been toward forming small pores in an integrated circuit structure, and using small quantities of programmable resistive material to fill the small pores. Patents illustrating development toward small pores include: Ovshinsky, “Multibit Single Cell Memory Element Having Tapered Contact,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,112, issued Nov. 11, 1997; Zahorik et al., “Method of Making Chalogenide [sic] Memory Device,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,277, issued Aug. 4, 1998; Doan et al., “Controllable Ovonic Phase-Change Semiconductor Memory Device and Methods of Fabricating the Same,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,253, issued Nov. 21, 2000, and Reinberg, “Chalcogenide Memory Cell with a Plurality of Chalcogenide Electrodes,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,788, issued Jul. 6, 1999.

A specific issue arising from conventional phase change memory and structures is the heat sink effect of conventional designs. Generally, the prior art teaches the use of metallic electrodes on both sides of the phase change memory element, with electrodes of approximately the same size as the phase change member. Such electrodes act as heat sinks, the high heat conductivity of the metal rapidly drawing heat away from the phase change material. Because the phase change occurs as a result of heating, the heat sink effect results in a requirement for higher current, in order to effect the desired phase change.

Moreover, problems have arisen in manufacturing such devices with very small dimensions, and with variations in process that meets tight specifications needed for large-scale memory devices. It is desirable therefore to provide a memory cell structure having small dimensions and low reset currents, as well as a structure that addresses the heat conductivity problem, and a method for manufacturing such structure that meets tight process variation specifications needed for large-scale memory devices. It is further desirable to provide a manufacturing process and a structure, which are compatible with manufacturing of peripheral circuits on the same integrated circuit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention features a memory device including two electrodes, vertically separated and having mutually opposed contact surfaces, between which lies a phase change cell. The phase change cell includes an upper phase change member, having a contact surface in electrical contact with the first electrode; a lower phase change member, having a contact surface in electrical contact with the second electrode; and a kernel member disposed between and in electrical contact with the upper and lower phase change members. The phase change cell is formed of material having at least two solid phases, and the lateral extent of the upper and lower phase change members is substantially greater than that of the kernel member. An intermediate insulating layer is disposed between the upper and lower phase change members adjacent to the kernel member.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for constructing a phase change memory element comprises the steps of providing a substrate having an electrode element extending therethrough; depositing a first layer of phase change material having a desired thickness onto the substrate; depositing a kernel layer of phase change material, having a desired thickness and a width substantially less than the width of the first layer, onto the first phase change layer; and depositing a second phase change layer, having a desired thickness and a width substantially the same as the first layer, onto the kernel layer.

Another aspect of the invention is a computer memory array, including data communication lines for communicating word and bit enabling signals to the array and a plurality of memory cells. Each memory cell includes at least one access transistor and a phase change element, and each phase change element includes an upper phase change member; a lower phase change member; and a kernel member disposed between and in electrical contact with the upper and lower phase change members. Within the phase change member, the phase change cell is formed of material having at least two solid phases; and the lateral extent of the upper and lower phase change members is substantially greater than that of the kernel member.

Particular aspects of the present invention are described in the claims, specification and drawings, which illustrate the present invention but do not limit it. The invention is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

FIG. 2 depicts estimated electric field and current profiles in an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a computer memory cell including a phase change element according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a computer memory circuit including a phase change element according to the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting a computer memory circuit including a phase change element according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a step in the fabrication of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a step in the fabrication of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a step in the fabrication of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

FIG. 8A illustrates an alternative step in the fabrication of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a step in the fabrication of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a step in the fabrication of the phase change memory cell of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is made with reference to the figures. Preferred embodiments are described to illustrate the present invention, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of equivalent variations on the description that follows.

FIG. 1 illustrates the basic layout of a phase change memory element according to the present invention. As is known in the art, phase change random access memory (PCRAM) cells 10 include a phase change element 17, formed from a material having two solid phases. Preferably, such material changes phase from amorphous to crystalline and back again, upon application of suitable current pulses. General details of such memory cells are disclosed in the references cited above, and details of a phase change material itself are set out below.

The structural and functional aspects of the memory cell will be discussed first, after which there will follow a detailed discussion of the process for forming the same. The cell is preferably formed on a dielectric layer or substrate 12, preferably consisting of silicon oxide or a well-known alternative thereto, such as a polyimide, silicon nitride or other dielectric fill material. In embodiments, the dielectric layer comprises a relatively good insulator for heat as well as for electricity, providing thermal and electrical isolation. An electrical contact, or plug, 14, preferably formed from a refractory metal such as tungsten, is formed in the oxide layer. Other refractory metals include Ti, Mo, Al, Ta, Cu, Pt, Ir, La, Ni, and Ru. A barrier material 16 is formed on the oxide layer, generally serving to prevent diffusion and to beneficially affect the electric field within the cell, as discussed below. The barrier layer is preferably formed of titanium nitride (TiN) or similar material, such as one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Al, Ta, N, O, and C. It should be noted that, for purposes of reference only, the direction from the bottom toward the top of the drawings herein is designated “vertical,” and the side-to-side direction is “lateral” or “horizontal.” Such designations have no effect on the actual physical orientation of a device, either during fabrication or during use.

Phase change element 17 consists primarily of a lower phase change element 18, a kernel element 26, and an upper phase change element 28. Generally, the upper and lower phase change elements have a considerably greater volume than that of the kernel element, and the element is preferably formed as a vertical stack, with the lower phase change element being positioned atop the dielectric layer 12, the kernel element atop the lower phase change element, and the upper phase change element atop the kernel element, in sandwich fashion. The lateral extent of the upper and lower phase change members is significantly greater than that of the kernel element. Those in the art will be able to choose specific values for these parameters, given the requirements of specific design situations.

A dielectric layer 22, preferably formed from silicon dioxide, separates the portions of the two phase change elements extending outwardly from the kernel. One embodiment of the invention includes a barrier metal layer 20 atop the lower phase change element, between that element and the oxide layer. Another layer of barrier metal 24 may be interposed between the dielectric layer 22 and the upper phase change element 28. In embodiments where barrier layer 24 is employed, the barrier does not extend between kernel element 26 and the upper phase change element 28. An upper layer of barrier metal forms an electrode layer 30, which also acts as a diffusion barrier.

Dimensions of the memory cell elements are as follows. Upper and lower phase change elements have thicknesses (in the vertical dimension) of from about 10 nm to about 100 nm, preferably 40 nm. Kernel element 26 has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 100 nm, preferably 40 nm. Insulating layer 22 has the same thickness as the kernel layer. The barrier layers 16, 20 and 24 have thicknesses of from about 5 nm to about 30 nm, preferably 10 nm. The electrode layer 30 has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 300 nm, preferably 150 nm. Kernel element 26 further has a width (in the horizontal dimension of FIG. 1) of from about 50 nm to about 300 nm, preferably 150 nm.

Embodiments of the memory cell 10 include phase change-based memory materials, including chalcogenide based materials and other materials, for the phase change element 17. Chalcogens include any of the four elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te), forming part of group VI of the periodic table. Chalcogenides comprise compounds of a chalcogen with a more electropositive element or radical. Chalcogenide alloys comprise combinations of chalcogenides with other materials such as transition metals. A chalcogenide alloy usually contains one or more elements from column six of the periodic table of elements, such as germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn). Often, chalcogenide alloys include combinations including one or more of antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and silver (Ag). Many phase change based memory materials have been described in technical literature, including alloys of: Ga/Sb, In/Sb, In/Se, Sb/Te, Ge/Te, Ge/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Te, Ga/Se/Te, Sn/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Ge, Ag/In/Sb/Te, Ge/Sn/Sb/Te, Ge/Sb/Se/Te and Te/Ge/Sb/S. In the family of Ge/Sb/Te alloys, a wide range of alloy compositions may be workable. The compositions can be characterized as Te_(a)Ge_(b)Sb_(100-(a+b)). One researcher has described the most useful alloys as having an average concentration of Te in the deposited materials well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranged in general from as low as about 23% up to about 58% Te and most preferably about 48% to 58% Te. Concentrations of Ge were above about 5% and ranged from a low of about 8% to about 30% average in the material, remaining generally below 50%. Most preferably, concentrations of Ge ranged from about 8% to about 40%. The remainder of the principal constituent elements in this composition was Sb. These percentages are atomic percentages that total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. (Ovshinsky '112 patent, cols. 10-11.) Particular alloys evaluated by another researcher include Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, GeSb₂Te₄ and GeSb₄Te₇ (Noboru Yamada, “Potential of Ge—Sb—Te Phase-Change Optical Disks for High-Data-Rate Recording”, SPIE v. 3109, pp. 28-37 (1997).) More generally, a transition metal such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and mixtures or alloys thereof may be combined with Ge/Sb/Te to form a phase change alloy that has programmable resistive properties. Specific examples of memory materials that may be useful are given in Ovshinsky '112 at columns 11-13, which examples are hereby incorporated by reference.

Phase change alloys are capable of being switched between a first structural state in which the material is in a generally amorphous solid phase, and a second structural state in which the material is in a generally crystalline solid phase in its local order in the active channel region of the cell. These alloys are at least bistable. The term amorphous is used to refer to a relatively less ordered structure, more disordered than a single crystal, which has the detectable characteristics such as higher electrical resistivity than the crystalline phase. The term crystalline is used to refer to a relatively more ordered structure, more ordered than in an amorphous structure, which has detectable characteristics such as lower electrical resistivity than the amorphous phase. Typically, phase change materials may be electrically switched between different detectable states of local order across the spectrum between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. Other material characteristics affected by the change between amorphous and crystalline phases include atomic order, free electron density and activation energy. The material may be switched either into different solid phases or into mixtures of two or more solid phases, providing a gray scale between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. The electrical properties in the material may vary accordingly.

Phase change alloys can be changed from one phase state to another by application of electrical pulses. It has been observed that a shorter, higher amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally amorphous state. A longer, lower amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally crystalline state. The energy in a shorter, higher amplitude pulse is high enough to allow for bonds of the crystalline structure to be broken and short enough to prevent the atoms from realigning into a crystalline state. Appropriate profiles for pulses can be determined, without undue experimentation, specifically adapted to a particular phase change alloy. In following sections of the disclosure, the phase change material is referred to as GST, and it will be understood that other types of phase change materials can be used. A material useful for implementation of a PCRAM described herein is Ge₂Sb₂Te₅.

Other programmable resistive memory materials may be used in other embodiments of the invention, including N₂ doped GST, Ge_(x)Sb_(y), or other material that uses different crystal phase changes to determine resistance; Pr_(x)Ca_(y)MnO₃, PrSrMnO, ZrOx, or other material that uses an electrical pulse to change the resistance state; TCNQ, PCBM, TCNQ-PCBM, Cu-TCNQ, Ag-TCNQ, C60-TCNQ, TCNQ doped with other metal, or any other polymer material that has bistable or multi-stable resistance state controlled by an electrical pulse.

As shown, the electric field and current density in the two phase change members are relatively low compared to the values seen in the kernel. The relatively small lateral extent of the kernel member produces current and field densities much higher than those in the phase change members, in turn leading to a significantly higher voltage drop in the kernel area. As a result, the kernel will experience much higher value of heating than will the phase change members, and in fact the phase change will be restricted to the area of the kernel. Both phase change members remain in a SET (crystalline) condition, as they never experience a current flow great enough to generate a phase change to RESET.

In addition, the low heat conductivity of the phase change members reduces the heat transfer from the kernel area, effectively increasing the amount of heat generated within the phase change material per unit value of current. The thermal isolation of the kernel area allows for memory cell design having lower currents than those permitted by the prior art, which in turn allows for reducing the size of the memory cell itself.

In addition, the GST material has significantly lower heat conductivity than does a metallic electrode, so that this design innovation has the effect of retaining heat in the kernel area rather than conducting it, away from the electrode. That leads to the ability to obtain desired phase change results with lower current, which in turn leads to reduced cell size and greater device density.

It can be readily seen from FIG. 2 that an important aspect of the invention is the size relationship, and more particularly the width relationship, between upper and lower phase change elements 28 and 18, and kernel element 26. The kernel width should be substantially less than that of the upper and lower members, by which is meant that the kernel should preferably be, at most, half as wide as the upper and lower members, and most preferably a third as wide.

FIG. 3A depicts a structure for a complete PCRAM cell 130 employing the phase change memory structure of the present invention. As shown, a PCRAM cell includes two transistors and their respective supporting structures, including phase change elements. It is well known in the art to employ two semiconductor devices to form memory cells, as shown here. It should be understood that the semiconductors could easily be diodes or similar devices, as selected to be appropriate for particular applications. The cells are formed on a semiconductor substrate 120. Isolation structures such as shallow trench isolation (STI) dielectrics (not shown) isolate pairs of rows of memory cell access transistors. The access transistors are formed by n-type terminal 126 acting as a common source region and n-type terminals 125 and 127 acting as drain regions in a p-type substrate 120. Polysilicon word lines 123 and 124 form the gates of the access transistors. A dielectric fill layer 12, of which only the upper portion is shown, is formed over the polysilicon word lines. The fill layer is patterned, and conductive structures, including plug structures 14 a and 14 b are formed. The conductive material can be tungsten or other materials and combinations suitable for the plug and lines structures. The common source line 128 contacts the source region, n-type terminal 126, and acts as a common source line along a row in the array. The plug structures 14 a and 14 b contact the drain terminals 125 and 127, respectively. The fill layer 12, the common source line 128 and the plug structures 14 a and 14 b, have a generally planar top surface.

An adaptation of the phase change memory element 10, modified to provide two phase change memory elements in a single unit, can be seen more clearly in the sectional view of FIG. 3B. As seen there, phase change memory elements 10 a and 10 b are formed as side-by-side elements in element layer 131, separated by dielectric fill block 133. Element layer 131 includes phase change memory elements 10 a and 10 b and fill block 133, all formed on the upper surface of substrate 12. The fill block 133 can be formed of the same material used in dielectric layer 12, or of some other suitable material known to the art. Each of the phase change elements 10 a and 10 b is identical to the element 10 described previously. Thus, phase change element 10 a includes barrier layers 16 a, 20 a and 24 a, phase change layers 18 a and 28 a, kernel member 26 a and electrode member 30 a and phase change element 10 b includes barrier layers 16 b, 20 b and 24 b, phase change layers 18 b, 28 b kernel member 26 b, and electrode member 30 b.

A dielectric fill layer (not illustrated) overlies the element layer 131. The dielectric fill layer comprises silicon dioxide, a polyimide, silicon nitride or other dielectric fill materials. In embodiments, the fill layer comprises a relatively good insulator for heat as well as for electricity, providing thermal and electrical isolation for the phase change elements. Conventional circuitry (not shown) is added above the element layer 131 to receive output from the phase change elements 10 a and 10 b.

In operation, access to the memory cell corresponding with phase change element 10 a is accomplished by applying a control signal to the word line 123, which couples the common source line 128 via terminal 125 and plug 14 a, to the phase change element 10 a. Likewise, access to the memory cell corresponding with phase change element 10 b is accomplished by applying a control signal to the word line 124.

It will be understood that a wide variety of materials can be utilized in implementation of the structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3B. For example, copper metallization can be used. Other types of metallization, including aluminum, titanium nitride, and tungsten based materials can be utilized as well. Also, non-metal conductive material such as doped polysilicon can be used. The electrode material in the illustrated embodiment is preferably TiN or TaN. Alternatively, the electrodes may be TiAlN or TaAlN, or may comprise, for further examples, one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, W, Mo, Al, Ta, Cu, Pt, Ir, La, Ni, and Ru and alloys thereof.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a memory array, which can be implemented as described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B. Thus, reference numerals for elements of FIG. 4 match corresponding elements in the structure of FIGS. 3A and 3B. It will be understood that the array structure illustrated in FIG. 4 can be implemented using other cell structures. In a schematic illustration of FIG. 4, the common source line 128, the word line 123 and the word line 124 are arranged generally parallel in the Y-direction. Bit lines 141 and 142 are arranged generally parallel in the X-direction. Thus, a Y-decoder and a word line driver in block 145 are coupled to the word lines 123, 124. An X-decoder and set of sense amplifiers in block 146 are coupled to the bit lines 141 and 142. The common source line 128 is coupled to the source terminals of access transistors 150, 151, 152 and 153. The gate of access transistor 150 is coupled to the word line 123. The gate of access transistor 151 is coupled to the word line 124. The gate of access transistor 152 is coupled to the word line 123. The gate of access transistor 153 is coupled to the word line 124. The drain of access transistor 150 is coupled to the electrode member 14 for phase change memory element 10 a, which is in turn coupled to electrode member 30. Likewise, the drain of access transistor 151 is coupled to the electrode member 14 for phase change memory element 10 b, which is in turn coupled to the electrode member 30. The electrode member 30 is coupled to the bit line 141. For schematic purposes, the electrode member 30 is illustrated at separate locations on the bit line 141. It will be appreciated that separate electrode members can be utilized for the separate memory cell bridges in other embodiments. Access transistors 152 and 153 are coupled to corresponding memory cells as well on line 142. It can be seen that the common source line 128 is shared by two rows of memory cells, where a row is arranged in the Y-direction in the illustrated schematic. Likewise, the electrode member 30 is shared by two memory cells in a column in the array, where a column is arranged in the X-direction in the illustrated schematic.

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of an integrated circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. The integrated circuit 174 includes a memory array 160 implemented using thin film fuse phase change memory elements, on a semiconductor substrate. A row decoder 161 is coupled to a plurality of word lines 162, and arranged along rows in the memory array 160. A column decoder 163 is coupled to a plurality of bit lines 164 arranged along columns in the memory array 160 for reading and programming data from the multiple-gate memory cells in the array 160. Addresses are supplied on bus 165 to column decoder 163 and row decoder 161. Sense amplifiers and data-in structures in block 166 are coupled to the column decoder 163 via data bus 167. Data is supplied via the data-in line 171 from input/output ports on the integrated circuit 75 or from other data sources internal or external to the integrated circuit 75, to the data-in structures in block 166. In the illustrated embodiment, other circuitry is included on the integrated circuit, such as a general purpose processor or special purpose application circuitry, or a combination of modules providing system-on-a-chip functionality supported by the thin film fuse phase change memory element array. Data is supplied via the data-out line 172 from the sense amplifiers in block 166 to input/output ports on the integrated circuit 75, or to other data destinations internal or external to the integrated circuit 75.

A controller implemented in this example using bias arrangement state machine 169 controls the application of bias arrangement supply voltages 168, such as read, program, erase, erase verify and program verify voltages. The controller can be implemented using special-purpose logic circuitry as known in the art. In alternative embodiments, the controller comprises a general-purpose processor, which may be implemented on the same integrated circuit, which executes a computer program to control the operations of the device. In yet other embodiments, a combination of special-purpose logic circuitry and a general-purpose processor may be utilized for implementation of the controller.

The process for fabricating the cell design of the present invention will be discussed in connection with FIGS. 6-10. Those of skill in the art will recognize that generally conventional fabrication techniques are employed, consistent with the need for dimensions in the low nanometer range. The following description does not repeat certain explanations regarding materials and the like, set out above.

FIG. 6 shows the commencement of the process, in which the base layer of the cell is formed. A dielectric layer 12 is formed by conventional means, composed of silicon dioxide, a polyimide, a nitride or other known material having good insulating (both electrical and heat) qualities. A plug 14 provides electrical contact through the dielectric layer, and in one embodiment the plug is tungsten. Other refractory metals can be used here if desired.

Deposition of the first layer of GST material is shown in FIG. 7. A thin film of GST material constitutes the lower phase change member 18, overlying the dielectric layer 12. In one embodiment, the lower phase change member is about 400 Å (40 nm) thick. An additional oxide layer 22 is deposited overlying the first GST layer. The thickness of the second oxide layer is a key dimension of the cell, as discussed below. An embodiment of the invention has a second oxide layer of about 300 Å (30 nm) thick. It is preferred to control potential diffusion into the GST by forming a thin barrier layer 16 between the oxide layer and the first GST layer, as well as additional barrier layers 20 and 24 above and below oxide layer 22, respectively. In one embodiment, the barrier films are each about 100 Å (10 nm) thick.

Any of the conventional barrier metals can be employed here, as known to those in the art. It is preferred to utilize either TiN or TaN in this application. An additional benefit of employing a metallic barrier layer is that it helps make the electric field more uniform, leading to predictable field and current profiles in the GST material.

FIG. 8 depicts the next steps, in which a cavity 25 is formed into the center of the second oxide layer and its overlying barrier layer, following conventional photolithography patterning techniques for depositing a patterned photoresist layer, an anisotropic etch step to remove material in the barrier and oxide layers, and a stripping step to remove the photoresist pattern. The etch step may be controlled to stop at the barrier layer 20, either through selective etching or time control techniques known in the art. As will be discussed further below, one embodiment stops the etching at the barrier layer 20, while others etch through that layer entirely. FIG. 8A illustrates the structure that results from continuing the etch completely through the barrier layer 20. It will be appreciated that the choice between retaining or etching this portion of barrier layer 20 should be made after balancing the advantage of managing the electric field (provided by the barrier layer) or in eliminating a resistance source within the phase change material, inasmuch as the barrier layer does contribute some amount of ohmic resistance to the device.

Deposition of further GST material in FIG. 9 forms the upper phase change member and the kernel member 26, over which is deposited the upper electrode layer 30. The latter element is preferably formed from barrier material such as TiN to achieve diffusion isolation of the GST material. Both the upper phase change element and the upper electrode are preferably deposited to thickness of about 400 Å (40 nm).

The final cell configuration 10, best seen in FIG. 1, is achieved by patterning photoresist over the central portion of the structure shown in FIG. 9 and etching the material to either side of the pattern, preferably down to the level of first dielectric layer 12. The lateral dimension of the cell, as well as the spacing between cells, can be selected by those of skill in the art, considering well-known factors such as heat dissipation and current isolation requirements.

It will be appreciated that fabrication of the two-element structure shown in FIG. 3B proceeds exactly as described above, with the exception that formation of kernel elements 26 a and 26 b requires that two, not one, cavities be patterned and formed. Those of skill in the art will understand that requirement clearly.

While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the preferred embodiments and examples detailed above, it is understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method of forming a memory device, comprising: providing a bottom electrode; depositing a first memory layer over the bottom electrode; sequentially depositing a barrier and an insulating layer over the first memory layer; etching at least the insulating layer to form a cavity; depositing a second memory layer into the cavity and over the insulating layer; and forming a top electrode over the second memory layer.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein sequentially depositing the barrier and the insulating layer comprises depositing the barrier prior to depositing the insulating layer.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, prior to etching to form the cavity, depositing an upper barrier over the insulating layer, and wherein etching to form the cavity comprises etching at least through the upper barrier and the insulating layer.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein etching to form the cavity comprises etching through the upper barrier, the insulating layer, and the barrier.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein sequentially depositing the barrier and the insulating layer comprises depositing the insulating layer prior to depositing the barrier.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein etching to form the cavity comprises etching at least through the barrier and the insulating layer.
 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising, prior to depositing the insulating layer, depositing a lower barrier over the first memory layer.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein etching to form the cavity comprises etching at least through the barrier and the insulating layer.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein etching to form the cavity comprises etching through the barrier, the insulating layer, and the lower barrier.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the first memory layer comprises depositing a memory material film.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein depositing the first memory layer comprises depositing a film having a thickness in a range about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein depositing the first memory layer comprises depositing a film having a thickness about 40 nm.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the first memory layer comprises depositing a GST material.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the insulating layer comprises depositing a dielectric material.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the insulating layer comprises depositing an oxide material.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein depositing an oxide material comprises depositing silicon dioxide.
 17. The method of claim 14 wherein depositing the insulating layer comprises depositing the dielectric material to a thickness about 30 nm.
 18. The method of claim 14 wherein depositing the barrier comprises depositing a barrier material to a thickness in a range about 5 nm to about 30 nm.
 19. The method of claim 14 wherein depositing the barrier comprises depositing a barrier material to a thickness about 10 nm.
 20. The method of claim 14 wherein depositing the barrier comprises depositing a nitride material.
 21. The method of claim 14 wherein depositing the barrier comprises depositing a nitride material selected from the group consisting of TiN and TaN.
 22. The method of claim 14 wherein depositing the barrier comprises depositing a nitride material selected from the group consisting of TiN and TaN.
 23. The method of claim 1 wherein etching to form a cavity comprises carrying out an anisotropic etch.
 24. The method of claim 1 wherein etching to form a cavity comprises carrying out an anisotropic etch.
 25. The method of claim 1 wherein etching to form a cavity comprises etching to form a cavity having a width in a range about 50 nm to about 300 nm.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein etching to form a cavity comprises etching to form a cavity having a width about 150 nm.
 27. The method of claim 1 wherein etching to form a cavity comprises etching to form a cavity having a depth in a range about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein etching to form a cavity comprises etching to form a cavity having a depth about 40 nm.
 29. The method of claim 27 wherein depositing the second memory layer comprises depositing a memory material film.
 30. The method of claim 30 wherein depositing the second memory layer comprises depositing a film having a thickness in a range about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein depositing the second memory layer comprises depositing a film having a thickness about 40 nm.
 32. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the second memory layer comprises depositing a GST material.
 33. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the first memory layer and the second memory layer comprise depositing the same memory material.
 33. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing the first memory layer and the second memory layer comprise depositing the same memory material.
 34. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the top electrode comprises forming a metal layer.
 35. The method of claim 34 wherein forming the top electrode comprises forming a layer of a barrier metal.
 36. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the top electrode comprises forming a metal layer having a thickness in a range about 10 nm to about 300 nm.
 37. The method of claim 36 wherein forming the top electrode comprises forming a metal layer having a thickness in a range about 150 nm.
 38. A method for constructing a phase change memory element, comprising: providing a substrate having an electrode element extending therethrough; depositing a first layer of phase change material having a desired thickness onto the substrate; depositing a kernel layer of phase change material, having a desired thickness and a width substantially less than the width of the first layer, onto the first phase change layer; and depositing a second phase change layer, having a desired thickness and a width substantially the same as the first layer, onto the kernel layer.
 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising: forming an insulating layer on the first phase change material layer; and forming a cavity in the insulating layer, extending completely through the insulating layer; and wherein the kernel layer depositing step and the second phase change material layer depositing step comprise a single deposition of a second phase change layer having an integral kernel member extending therefrom into the insulating layer cavity.
 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising: prior to depositing the second phase change material layer, forming a lower barrier over the first phase change material layer.
 41. The method of claim 38, further comprising: prior to depositing the second layer of phase change material layer, forming an upper barrier over the layer of first phase change material.
 42. The method of claim 39, further comprising: prior to forming the insulating layer, forming a lower barrier over the first phase change material layer.
 43. The method of claim 39, further comprising: prior to forming the cavity, forming an upper barrier over the layer of insulating layer. 